1 Samuel 16:23

Authorized King James Version

And it came to pass, when the evil spirit from God was upon Saul, that David took an harp, and played with his hand: so Saul was refreshed, and was well, and the evil spirit departed from him.

Word-by-Word Analysis
#1
וְהָיָ֗ה
to exist, i.e., be or become, come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or auxiliary)
#2
בִּֽהְי֤וֹת
to exist, i.e., be or become, come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or auxiliary)
#3
ר֥וּחַ
And it came to pass when the evil spirit
wind; by resemblance breath, i.e., a sensible (or even violent) exhalation; figuratively, life, anger, unsubstantiality; by extension, a region of the
#4
אֱלֹהִים֙
from God
gods in the ordinary sense; but specifically used (in the plural thus, especially with the article) of the supreme god; occasionally applied by way of
#5
אֶל
near, with or among; often in general, to
#6
לְשָׁאוּל֙
so Saul
shaul, the name of an edomite and two israelites
#7
וְלָקַ֥ח
took
to take (in the widest variety of applications)
#8
דָּוִ֛ד
that David
david, the youngest son of jesse
#9
אֶת
properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)
#10
הַכִּנּ֖וֹר
an harp
a harp
#11
וְנִגֵּ֣ן
and played
properly, to thrum, i.e., beat a tune with the fingers; expectation. to play on a stringed instrument; hence (generally), to make music
#12
בְּיָד֑וֹ
with his hand
a hand (the open one [indicating power, means, direction, etc.], in distinction from h3709, the closed one); used (as noun, adverb, etc.) in a great v
#13
וְרָוַ֤ח
was refreshed
properly, to breathe freely, i.e., revive; by implication, to have ample room
#14
לְשָׁאוּל֙
so Saul
shaul, the name of an edomite and two israelites
#15
וְט֣וֹב
and was well
to be (transitively, do or make) good (or well) in the widest sense
#16
ל֔וֹ
H0
#17
וְסָ֥רָה
departed
to turn off (literally or figuratively)
#18
מֵֽעָלָ֖יו
above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications
#19
ר֥וּחַ
And it came to pass when the evil spirit
wind; by resemblance breath, i.e., a sensible (or even violent) exhalation; figuratively, life, anger, unsubstantiality; by extension, a region of the
#20
הָֽרָעָֽה׃
and the evil
bad or (as noun) evil (natural or moral)

Analysis

Within the broader context of 1 Samuel, this passage highlights salvation through simile or metaphorical language. The theological weight of divine sovereignty connects to fundamental Christian doctrine about divine sovereignty, contributing to our understanding of God's nature and relationship with humanity. This verse contributes to the book's overall argument by building upon previous themes while advancing the overall message of 1 Samuel.

Historical Context

The historical context of the biblical period relevant to this book's composition provides crucial background for understanding this verse. The historical and cultural milieu of the biblical world informed the author's theological expression and the audience's understanding. The the cultural context of the biblical world would have shaped how the original audience understood divine sovereignty. Archaeological and historical evidence reveals Archaeological discoveries continue to illuminate the historical context of biblical texts.

Questions for Reflection

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